Nursing care specifically related to strokes and stroke care Essay

Nursing care specifically related to strokes and stroke care - Essay Example ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes (Mink & Miller, 2011). Since both these kinds might have similar manifestations but have considerably different underlying etiology and require different management and interventions, it is of foremost importance to correctly recognize strokes as early as possible from the onset and to intervene in a timely fashion in order to minimize the possible ill-effects and deficits that can arise due to this disorder (Mink & Miller, 2011). This paper briefly discusses the different types of strokes, their clinical manifestations and available treatment modalities; throws light on the importance of stroke recognition and how fast acting care for strokes can highly affect patient outcomes; and focuses on the importance of knowledge regarding strokes for nurses, the role of nurses in care provision for stroke patients and the importance of being up to date and knowledgeable on stoke care for nurses. Moreover, it also identifies some shortcomings in the ex isting literature for stroke care and the role of nurses and provides recommendations for future research in this arena. Stroke: Types, clinical presentation and available interventions As pointed out above, strokes can be broadly classified into two main kinds, viz. ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke (Trembly, 2010). ... Hemorrhagic strokes can be further subdivided into two main types, viz. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (aSAH) and Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) (Trembly, 2010) based on their underlying etiology. While ICH inflicts almost 70,000 individuals annually in the US, approximately 30,000 individuals suffer from an aSAH each year (Mink & Miller, 2011). Amongst all kinds of stroke, the type associated with the poorest outcomes is aneurysmal SAH, which is not only associated with high mortality rates but also have high complication rates due to re-bleeding and/or vasospasm occurring later on in the course of the disease, resulting in poorer patient outcomes (Trembly, 2010). The most important risk factors which are common for all type of strokes include smoking, hypertension and alcohol abuse, while some risk factors which are exclusive for ischemic strokes include diabetes, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, hypercoagulable states and atherosclerosis, amongst others (Mink & Miller, 2011; Trembly, 2010). Patients suffering from either an ischemic stroke or an ICH commonly present with a sudden onset of focal neurologic deficits which has a variable course, but often worsens as time progresses (Mink & Miller, 2011; Trembly, 2010). On the other hand, a typical presenting complaint of patients suffering from SAH is headache, which most patients describe as the worst headache of their lives, often associated with nausea, vomiting and nuchal rigidity (Mink & Miller, 2011). For all types of strokes, diagnosis is based predominantly on the recognition of patient symptoms and neuroimaging modalities such as CT scans which help in elucidating the underlying etiology (Mink & Miller, 2011;

Fairy tale story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Fairy tale story - Essay Example the prime minister’s son, the King organizes a contest between the gardener’s son and the prime minister’s son. Thus, both of them are asked to undertake a journey to a far destination and whoever returned first would be given the hands of the princess. On his unpleasant journey to the destination, the gardener’s son helps a woman in rags, with whose support he heals the sultan of another city. In return, he gains the bronze ring which contains a djinni who can grant all his wishes. With the help of this bronze ring, he gains a magnificent sailing ship with goods of gems, gold, etc and attractive sailors on board. When the gardener’s son meets his opponent in distress, he helps him on condition that he would make an imprint upon his back with the bronze ring heated in fire. In the course of the story, the prime minister’s son comes back home first in a ship offered by the gardener’s son and claims the princess as his bride. However, th e gardener’s son soon reaches back to the country in a gold ship who tells that the prime minister’s son is merely a slave to him. When the prime minister’s son denies this, the gardener’s son shows the trademark of his bronze ring on the back of the prime minister’s son.

Internet Banking System Software Requirement Specification

Internet Banking System Software Requirement Specification Internet banking system provides is specifically developed for online banking for Balance Enquiry, Funds Transfer to another account in the same bank, Request for cheque book/change of address/stop payment of cheques, Mini statements (Viewing Monthly and annual statements). Purpose The Traditional way of maintaining details of a user in a bank was to enter the details and record them. Every time the user need to perform some transactions he has to go to bank and perform the necessary actions, which may not be so feasible all the time. It may be a hard-hitting task for the users and the bankers too. The project gives real life understanding of Internet banking and activities performed by various roles in the supply chain. Here, we provide an automation for banking system through Internet. Internet banking system project captures activities performed by different roles in real life banking which provides enhanced techniques for maintaining the required information up-to-date, which results in efficiency. The project gives real life understanding of Internet banking and activities performed by various roles in the supply chain. Scope This Project investigates the entry threshold for providing a new transaction service channel via the real options approach, where the entry threshold is established by using an Internet banking system designed for the use of normal users(individuals), Industrialists, Entrepreneurs, Educational Institutions(Financial sections), Organizations and Academicians under transaction rate uncertainty. Customer must have a valid User Id and password to login to the system If a wrong password is given thrice in succession, that account will be locked and the customer will not be able to use it. When an invalid password is entered a warning is given to the user that his account is going to get locked. After the valid user logs in he is shown the list of accounts he has with the bank. On selecting the desired account he is taken to a page which shows the present balance in that particular account number. User can request for the details of the last n number of transactions that he has performed. A report can also be taken of this. User can make a funds transfer to another account in the same bank. User is provided with a transaction password which is different from the login password. User can transfer funds from his account to any other account with this bank. If the transaction is successful a notification should appear to the customer, in case it is unsuccessful, a proper message should be given to the customer as to why it failed. User can request for cheque book/change of address/stop payment of cheques User can view his monthly as well as annual statements. He can also take print out of the same. Generate reports at every section Administrator can take a back up of the database for every instance that is happening, periodically. All users are authenticated to avail the services FAQ section is also included for end users benefit. Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations Administrator: He is the super user who can add new customers into banking system, and assigns corresponding username, password, account type and other details. When any customer withdraws his account from the bank, he can delete their account and stop the transactions immediately. He can generate different reports. He also takes the system backup. Team Members (Customers): After logging in he can request for balance enquiry in his account, Funds Transfer to another account in the same bank, Request for cheque book/change of address/stop payment of cheques, Mini statements (Viewing Monthly and annual statements). Industrialists, Entrepreneur, Organizations and academicians: These are another type of customers. They will have extra information to be entered while logging in such as organization Id and so on. They can also perform all the actions what the normal customers are going to perform. HTML: Hypertext Markup Language is a markup language used to design static web pages. EJB: Enterprise Java Beans. J2EE: Java 2 Enterprise Edition is a programming platform part of the Java Platform for developing and running distributed multitier architecture Java applications, based largely on modular software components running on an application server. DB2: DB2 Database is the database management system that delivers a flexible and cost effective database platform to build robust on demand business applications. WAS: Web sphere application server is an application server that runs business applications and supports the J2EE and web services standards. WSAD: Web sphere studio application developer is a toolkit which is designed for the creation of more complex projects, providing fully dynamic web application utilizing EJBs. This consist of EJB tools , CMP ,data mapping tools a universal test client that is designed to aid testing of EJB s. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a transaction oriented client/server protocol between web browser a Web Server. HTTPS: Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a HTTP over SSL (secure socket layer) TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communication protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP.

Superbowl Story :: essays research papers

HERE BEGINS THE BOOK OF THE TALES OF THE SUPER BOWL: When the frigid air of January has blanketed every treetop and house alike with its gentle frost; when birds, squirrels, and the like are nowhere to be found close to home- then folks long to go on trips to temperate sites; and especially from every corner of the States they travel to Pasadena every few years, to watch The Super Bowl there; the finals for the great football season which has entertained them the past few months.One day in that season when I went to Landesman Travel in Teaneck, ready to reserve a seat on an airline for Pasadena no matter what it took, I saw a sign for a special offer, half the price of what I had planned on spending, for a private jet to The Super Bowl; first seven people served. As I inquired, I discovered that I was the seventh and final person. We were to meet at terminal 76B at Newark Airport one half hour before scheduled take-off, 6:30 A.M. Super Bowl Sunday, to check the luggage and make acqu aintances for the ride, which I am going to tell you about. But, nevertheless, while I have time and space, before I go farther in this account, it seems reasonable to tell you all about each of the passengers, as they appeared to me; who they were, and of what social status, and also what sort of clothes they wore. And I shall begin with the Sports Doctor.There was among us a Sports Doctor who was a great follower of the Hippocratic oath, never neglecting any player who believed he was in need. He had preformed admirably in the Giants' struggle for success, during which he had traveled near and far by their side, keeping the team in greatest health. Even in this time off of his, he wishes to be close by their side, front row by the Giants bench, giving his support, only morally not physically. He owns two foreign sports cars( how appropriate for his occupation) and his dress is most informal for a practicing doctor, just a buttoned down shirt and slacks.Next was an Electrician, who worked quite diligently all week long and would help his neighbor no matter what hour of day. But if it would happen that any person in distress would require his assistance during the three tense hours of Giants football a week, on Sunday or even Monday night, he would apologetically decline and offer his service at the end of the game.

Indian Automobile Industry Essay

A. Introduction The Automotive Industry in India is one of the larger markets in the world and had previously been one of the fastest growing globally, but is now seeing flat or negative growth rates. India’s passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3.9 million units in 2011. According to recent reports, India overtook Brazil and became the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer in the world, grew 16 to 18 per cent to sell around three million units in the course of 2011-12. In 2009, India emerged as Asia’s fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand.In 2010, India beat Thailand to become Asia’s third largest exporter of passenger cars. As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3.7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33.9%), making the country the second (after China) fastest growi ng automobile market in the world in that year. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase to 4 million by 2015, no longer 5 million as previously projected. The majority of India’s car manufacturing industry is based around three clusters in the south, west and north. The southern cluster consisting of Chennai is the biggest with 35% of the revenue share. Chennai, with the India operations of Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler, Caparo and PSA Peugeot Citroà «n is about to begin their operations by 2014. Chennai accounts for 60% of the country’s automotive exports. The western hub near Mumbai and Pune contributes to 33% of the market. The Chakan corridor near Pune, Maharashtra is the western cluster with companies like General Motors, Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata Motors, Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar Cars, Fiat and Force Motors having assembly plants in the area. Nashik has a major base of Mahindra & Mahindra with a SUV assembly unit and an Engine assembly unit. Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and Volkswagen also forms part of the western cluster. The northern cluster around the National Capital Region contributes 32% of the Indian market. Gurgaon and Manesar in Haryana form the northern cluster where the country’s largest car manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki is based. Another emerging cluster is in the state of Gujarat with manufacturing facility of General Motors in Halol and further planned for Tata Nano at their plant in Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot-Citroen plants are also set to come up in Gujarat. Kolkata with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Honda and Bangalore with Toyota are some of the other automotive manufacturing regions around the country. B. Major Players The Major Market Players C. Product Segmentation While there are multiple ways of segmenting this industry like based on price and engine size but the most prevalent and the official method is based on dimension. i.e. the length of the vehicle under consideration. A1 Segment – Mini – Up to 3400mm (M800, Nano) A2 Segment – Compact – 3401 to 4000mm (Alto, wagon r, Zen,i10,A-star,Swift,i20,palio,indica etc) A3 Segment – Midsize – 4001 to 4500mm (Manza, City, Sx4, Dzire, Logan, Accent, Fiesta, Verna etc) A4 Segment – Executive – 4501 to 4700mm (Corolla, civic, C class, Cruze, Optra, Octavia etc) A5 Segment – Premium – 4701 to 5000mm (Camry, E class, Accord, Sonata, Laura, Superb etc) A6 Segment – Luxury – Above 5000mm (Mercedes S class, 5 series etc) B1 Segment – Van – Omni, Versa, Magic etc B2 Segment – MUV/MPV – Innova, Tavera, Sumo etc SUV Segment – CRV, Vitaraetc While it is easy for SIAM to segment the vehicles as per dimensions but for consumers, it becomes a tad difficult. This is primarily because of the widely varying / spread out prices of the vehicles. A 2 segment, as per the above criterion, will range between 3 lakhs to 7 lakhs. And A 3 will be between 4.5 to 9 lakhs. Such wide variation in prices has distorted the image of segments in the minds of consumers. Hence, for simplicity purposes, a different segmentation has cropped up. The details are as follows:- A Segment – Approximately below 3.5 lakhs – Alto, Eon, Nano, Spark, 800 B 1 Segment – Hatchback largely below 6 lakhs – Wagon R, Indica, Beat, Santro, A Star, Micra, Estilo B 2 Segment – Hatchback majorly below 7.5 lakhs – Swift, I 10, I 20, Ritz, Figo, Polo, Liva, Vista, Jazz, Punto, Brio, Fabia, Pulse, Aveo UVA C 1 Segment – Sedan below 8 lakhs – Dzire, Indigo, Etios, Sunny, Fiesta Classic, Verito, Accent, Ambassador, Aveo C 2 Segment – Sedan below 9.5 lakhs – Linea, Manza, Verna, Rapid, Vento, City, SX 4, Verna New, Optra D 1 Segment – Premium Sedan below 15 lakhs – Corolla, Civic, Cruze, Laura, Jetta, Fluence D 2 Segment – Luxury Sedan below 25 lakhs– Superb, Passat, Accord, Camry, Sonata, Teana, Kizashi B1 Segment – Van – Omni, Versa, Magic etc B2 Segment – MUV/MPV – Innova, Tavera, Sumo etc SUV Segment – CRV, Vitaraetc If we analyze the 1st Quarter of 2012-13, then total vehicle sales has been around 6.32 lakh units. The hatchback segments has totaled to 56% of the entire passenger car sales in India. This comes to 355857 units. This clearly shows the popularity of smaller cars in the Indian market. Alto continues to be the top selling brand with 17422 in July. It is followed by Swift (11421) and Wagon R (9582) – all Maruti brands. This is an indication of how well the Maruti team has understood the Indian market. i 10, I 20, Nano, Beat, Figo, Santro& Polo are some of the high selling models in these segments and these models continue to clock more than 3000 units monthly. Nano has been a disappointment so far with huge expectations but it is showing some kind of resilience off late. As a segment, the Utility segment is showing the maximum growth. In fact, this segment has outclassed the other popular segments of A, B 1 & B 2. With 128110 units under its hood in the 1st quarter, the segment is definitely making some good progress. Maruti’sErtiga, Mahindra’s XUV 500 & Bolero has been instrumental in pushing the volumes of this segment. Innova and Omni too are raking in good numbers. What has been disappointing is the performance from the Tata Motors stable Venture, Safari and Sumo have been showing steady decline in the numbers per se but definitely possess huge potential to challenge the other models. Among the sedans, Maruti Dzire continues to lead the pack. With 11413 numbers in July, it is way ahead of its next model Verna (5300). The iconic models of City, Linea, SX4 have been showing consistent under growth and seriously calls for some introspection by their respective manufacturers. Vento & Rapid also showed some slack but given the aggression of VW and Nissan, it wont be long before they start to pull in good numbers. Tata’s Indigo and Manza were on a slightly negative terrain all these months but somehow the trend has been reversed in July. 6816 for these 2 models augurs well for the company. D. Indian Automobile Industry : Barriers to Entry (and Exit) Barriers to entry (or, BTE) are anything that hinders the movement of firms into an industry. That is, BTE reduce or eliminate the entry of new businesses into an industry. Sometimes BTE can be almost insurmountable: no new firms can enter an industry. Other times BTE can slow down the entry of new firms: new firms appear but only slow. Very low BTE, however, means that new firms can enter the industry relatively rapidly. What can act as a BTE ? 1. Amount of capital The amount of capital required to enter the auto industry is in billions of dollars. So, very few outsiders can ever hope to enter the industry. This major financial requirement services as a significant barrier to entry for many industries. The auto manufacturing industry is considered to be highly capital and labor intensive. The major costs for producing and selling automobiles include: * Labor While machines and robots are playing a greater role in manufacturing vehicles, there are still substantial labor costs in designing and engineering automobiles * Advertising Each year automakers spend billions on print and broadcast advertising, furthermore, they spent large amounts of money on market research to anticipate consumer trends and preferences 2. Limited capacity of parts suppliers Existing parts suppliers have downsized their operations to the point that they do not have excess capacity. 3. Competition There are already significant numbers of well established competitors. 4.Government regulations The stringent regulations regarding safety, design, emission standards and fuel efficiency may sometimes act as a deterrent. 5. Patent protection laws This may prevent the use of certain innovations at low cost. 6. Marketing Marketing a new brand can be difficult and very expensive. 7. Economies of scale Economies of scale give large producers a significant cost advantage over small rivals. Where a firm has grown very large and significant economies of scale exist, they can have cost competitiveness. New entrants generally start small and therefore, have much higher unit production costs than the giant firms. These new, small entrants find it nearly impossible to survive against the large rival because they just can’t be price competitive given their much larger unit production costs. 8. Entry-deterring behavior A firm can protect itself from competition by deliberately acting in a way that convinces potential competitors not to enter the industry. Some firms spend huge amounts of money on advertising to keep new rivals from starting up business. Or, firms can act exceedingly aggressive if faced with new competition by perhaps starting a major price war every time a new competitor enters their market. Lawsuits against new rivals have been used to drive them out of business or to, at the very least, raise the cost of entering the business to very high levels. 9. Knowledge and Technology Ideas and Knowledge that provides competitive advantage over others when patented prevent others from using it and thus creates barrier to entry. For eg. TATA motors have great knowledge/ experience in the automobile industry and have renowned technological advantage because of the recent acquisition and mergers. 10. Product Differentiation and Cost Advantage The new product has to be different and attractive to be accepted by the customers. Attractiveness can be measured in the terms of the features, price etc. For an entrant to attain this, it requires lot of effort as compared to an established player. TATA Nano is an example where till now, no new entrant has entered as a competitor. Barriers to Exit: Obstacles or impediments that prevent a company from exiting a market. A company may decide to exit a market because it is unable to capture market share or turn a profit or for some other reason altogether. High barriers to exit might force it to continue competing in the market. The factors that may form a barrier to exit include: 1. High investment in non-transferable fixed assetsThis is particularly common for manufacturing companies that invest heavily in capital equipment which is specific to one task. 2. High redundancy costsIf a company has a large number of employees, employees with high salaries, or contracts with employees which stipulate high redundancy payments (layoff costs), then the firm may face significant cost if it wishes to leave the market. 3. Other closure costs. Contract contingencies with suppliers or buyers and any penalty costs incurred from cutting short tenancy agreements. 4. Potential upturn Firms may be influenced by the potential of an upturn in their market that may reverse their current financial situation. 5. Government policies In India, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 puts restrictions on employers in the matter of reducing excess staff by retrenchment, by closure of establishments and the retrenchment process involved lot of legalities and complex procedures. Also, any plans of retrenchment and reduction of staff and workforce are subjected to strong opposition by trade unions. E. Role of Non-Pricing Competition Non-price competition refers to firms competing with one another not in terms of reducing the price to attract consumers instead, in form of brand name, advertising, packaging, free home- delivery, free service, sponsorship deals and so on. These are the different forms of non-price competition. The main aim of non-price competition is product development. As products are differentiated in monopolistic competition, to prove and show how ones product is superior than others- colour, appearance, packaging, skill level etc. It is been done to create an inelastic demand for the product. Following parameters can be used for competition instead of reducing cost: Quality: If consumers must choose between two products of the same price but they can see that one is of a higher quality, they generally pick the product of higher quality. In this way, if a firm can figure out how to produce an item at a cost comparable to what its competitor charges but make it of higher quality, that firm may be able to steal the market from its competitor. Now in case of automobiles, within a given price range people generally don’t comprise with the quality aesthetics. For example : Recalls of vehicles sold. Recently, Honda Cars India Ltd recalled 42,672 units of second generation Honda City cars manufactured in 2007 and 2008 to replace their power window switch. HCIL carried out preventive part replacement of power window switch. The company is proactively replacing Power Window Switch which may malfunction in case water or any other liquid enters the driver side window. Honda Cars India is carrying out the part replacement as part of a global exercise by Honda Motor Company to ensure stringent quality standards for its products. However, a problem with this approach is that it may take some time for consumers to realize any difference in quality. Perception and Branding: In some cases, little possibility of quality differentiation exists between two products. However, the long-term sustainability of such an approach may be difficult because, as such brand advantages arise through consumer trends, consumer trends may also lead to their demise. We can take example of Hyundai’s Eon and Maruti’s Alto 800. Maruti being a well-known brand it was difficult for Hyundai Eon to compete with it. Hyundai India offers its Eon fleet within a price bracket of Rs. 2.8 to Rs. 3.8 lakhs in the country. Maruti Suzuki has pitched its Alto 800 models with a slightly humble pricing falling in the range starting from Rs. 2.4 lakhs that goes on till Rs. 3.6 lakhs in the Indian auto market. Sales Comparision between Maruti Suzuki Alto 800 and Hyundai Eon Source: http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/car-nama/2012/07/13/alto-vs-eon-eight-months-on/ Product Design: In some cases, firms may compete by changing the design of their products to make them more appealing without significantly changing production costs or quality levels. Such a strategy can prove effective at stealing business from competitors, but it can also backfire, because it can cause the company to alienate its existing consumers, who may be knowingly choosing the existing design over other products with different designs specifically because it appeals to their tastes. Product Differentiation: Not all consumers are the same. By offering a range of similar products geared toward different market sectors, firms can expand their market base. However, such product differentiation can result in significantly higher overhead costs for production. For example every model has variants in following aspects: Fuel used (petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG) Cost varients (low end to high end with addition of features like sunroof, airbags etc.) Model| Price (INR)| Mileage| Volkswagon Vento PetorlTrendline| 7,29,000| 15.04| Volkswagon Vento Petrol Comfortline| 7,75,805| 15.04| Volkswagon Vento Petrol Style Limited Edition| 8,10,805| 15.04| Volkswagon Vento Diesel Trendline| 8,44,000| 20.54| Volkswagon Vento Petrol Highline| 8,74,805| 15.04| Volkswagon Vento Diesel Comfortline| 8,90,805| 20.54| Volkswagon Vento Diesel Style Limited Edition| 9,25,805| 20.54| Volkswagon Vento Petrol Highline AT| 9,74,805| 14.4| Volkswagon Vento Diesel Highline| 9,89,805| 20.54| Sales Structure: When two firms are competing with similar products, one may be able to enjoy more market share and a deeper level of penetration due to a more effective and aggressive sales structure. By engaging in direct sales, firms can appeal to prospective buyers who otherwise would not feel compelled to buy due to advertising or other kinds of marketing. Multilevel marketing is one way in which firms rapidly build their consumer base. However, by turning buyers into sellers as well, such schemes may require significantly higher prices. A typical supply chain in Indian Automobile Industry Source: ImaginMor, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd and United Nations Industrial Development Organisation The description and the role of each of the contributors to the supply chain are discussed below. Third Tier Suppliers: These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, steel, plastic and aluminium to the second tier suppliers. Second Tier Suppliers: These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs. They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for detailed designs. Some of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. First Tier Suppliers: These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage, in order to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They design and innovate in order to provide â€Å"black-box† solutions for the requirements of their customers. Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own technology to meet the performance and interface requirements set by assemblers. First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into complete units like dashboard, breaks-axel-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the management of second-tier suppliers. Automakers/Vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs): After researching consumers’ wants and needs, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers’ demands. The design process normally takes five years. These companies have manufacturing units where engines are manufactured and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled. Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry. Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. Innovation, design capability and branding are the main focus of these companies. Dealers: Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorised dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers. Parts and Accessory: These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers. Service Providers: Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. Many dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. The increased usage of IT at different tiers of the supply chain is on the increase in all the companies in India. An important finding that emerged from the findings was that the integration of supply chain is being done at all the cities in the country i rrespective of the market share. F. Key Developments in Indian Auto Sector Major Developments & Investments * Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd is expecting to sell over 60 per cent more units this year on the back of the launch of its upgraded small car – Nissan Micra * Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV) exported its first lot of 64 Fuso trucks manufactured at its Oragadam plant in Chennai. * Mahindra USA, a subsidiary of Mahindra and Mahindra (M&M), will set up an assembly and distribution centre, expanding one of the four tractor facilities in North America, by January 2014 * The Japan-based automobile manufacturer Isuzu Motors’ local subsidiary Isuzu Motors India has entered into an agreement with Hindustan Motors (HM) for contract manufacturing of Isuzu SUVs and pickup trucks * A year after introducing the popular ‘MINI’ range of cars in India, luxury car maker BMW has started local production of ‘MINI Countryman’ at its facility in Chennai * New Holland Fiat India plans to invest Rs 1,100 crore (US$ 184.56 million) to set up a new green-field pl ant in Maharashtra and also to increase its tractor manufacturing capacity by 50 per cent in the next three years * Hero MotoCorp has bought a 49.2 per cent stake in its US-based technology partner Erik Buell Racing (EBR) for US$ 25 million. This is Hero MotoCorp’s first-ever equity purchase in an overseas company. Also, Hero MotoCorp has entered into the African continent with launch of its brand and products in Kenya, where it has also set up an assembly unit. The company has also partnered with Ryce East Africa to sell its two-wheelers in the country * Daimler is developing its Indian commercial vehicle operations as an export hub. Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV) will export locally assembled trucks from the conglomerate’s Mitsubishi Fuso range in 15 markets in Asia and Africa. Government Initiatives The Government of India plans to introduce fuel-efficiency ratings for automobiles to encourage sale of cars that consume less petrol or diesel, as per Mr. Veerappa Moily, Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. The Union Budget 2013-14 announced by Mr. P Chidambaram, the Union Finance Minister, Government of India, in the Parliament on February 28, 2013, had a few add-ons for the industry. The analysis by Deloitte on the Union Budget highlighted the following: * The period of concession available for specified part of electric and hybrid vehicles till April 2013 has been extended upto March 31, 2015 * The basic customs duty (BCD) on imported luxury goods such as high-end motor vehicles, motor cycles, yachts and similar vessels was increased. The duty was raised from 75 percent to 100 percent on Cars / motor vehicles (irrespective of engine capacity) with CIF value more than US$ 40,000; from 60 percent to 75 percent on motorcycles with engine capacity of 800cc or more and on yachts and similar vessels from 10 percent to 25 percent * In addition, an increase in excise duty from 27 to 30 per cent has been allowed for SUVs with engine capacity exceeding 1,500 cc, while excise duty was decreased from 80 to 72 per cent, in case of SUVs registered solely for taxi purposes * An exemption from BCD on lithium ion automotive battery for manufacture of lithium ion battery packs for supply to manufacturers of hybrid and electric vehicles * The excise duty on chassis of diesel motor vehicles for transport of goods reduced from 14 per cent to 13 per cent Moreover, the Government of India allows 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in the automotive industry through automatic route. The Government also plans to accelerate the supply of electric vehicles over the next eight years. It is expected that there will be a demand for 5-7 million electricity-operated vehicles by 2020. The contribution of automotive sector in the gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to double, reaching a turnover worth US$ 145 billion in 2016, with special focus on export of small cars, MUVs, two & three wheelers and auto components, as per the Automotive Mission Plan (AMP) 2006-2016. Road Ahead Global and Indian manufacturers are focusing their efforts to develop innovative products, technologies and supply chains in the industry. Car makers are launching a slew of car models, mostly compact SUVs, in the coming months. The automobile body SIAM expects the launches to be able to brighten the market. Lastly, the vision of AMP 2006-2016 sees India, â€Å"to emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacture of automobiles and auto components with output reaching a level of US$ 145 billion; accounting for more than 10 per cent of the GDP and providing additional employment to 25 million people by 2016.† G. Major Challenges and Suggested Measures Challenges: 1. Strong decline in economic growth- * It affects the consumer buying behavior- Buyers driven by fear of job loss, moved aggressively to increase their rate of saving. At the same time, high cost and growing longevity of motor vehicles prompted buyers to postpone purchases that they might have otherwise made. * Freezing of credit markets meant cancelledorders, unpaid supplier invoices, and ‘temporarily’ shuttered plants. * High excise duty- 12 % for sub 4 meters cars and 24 % for over 4 meters cars. * High interest rates as well as difficulty to obtain loans for purchase. 2. Duplicate spare parts- Indian market has always suffered from duplicate products and cheap counterfeits. This puts pressure on OEMs to reduce the prices and compete with these cheaper counterfeits. According to the study conducted by market research agency nielson co with acma, 41 % of total spare parts belong to OEMs and OESes, 23 % belong to imported segment and 36 % are duplicate. 3. Lack of infrastructure- Lack of proper road infrastructure, resulting into heavy Traffic has become major concern in most of the cities in India. Parking problem, parking cost adds to it. Bad roads, Bad drivers on road further add to the problem. 4. Availability of skilled man-power- As per data published by NSDC(National Skill Development Corporation), automobile sector in India is going to face a shortfall of 35 million skilled manpower by 2022. Limited availability of skilled manpower is bound to pose a great challenge to the positive growth of the Indian automotive manufacturing industry. 5. High Ownership cost- Small car sales are likely to fall by a couple of percentage points in 2013-14 due to continued uncertainty over income growth, high fuel costs arising from a deprecating rupee and still relatively high inflation.Diesel cars will lose their sheen, particularly in the small car segment, due to the gradual deregulation of diesel prices and the expected fall in petrol prices. 6. IR related issues- The $73 billion automobile sector has witnessed abhorrent industrial unrest in the recent 5 years with disputes in Maruti Suzuki, Hero Honda, Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India, Rico,Hyundai, Ashok Leyland, MRF, Apollo Tyres, Sona Koyo and Toyota Kirloskar Motors Ltd. Thissector, to generate double revenue needs a flexible workforce of 25 million with an amicableatmosphere to hire and fire workers to cope with the cyclical swings in demand for cars, trucksand bikes but the archaic labour laws governing employment of contract labour has fan thesetensions. This speculates the lack of efficient implementation machinery. Industrial unrestsaccompanying murders of the executives have also been committed in 2-3 instances recently,demonstrating the urging to address the issue by the social partners. 7. Global competition— Competition will only increase in the years to come, as more international players enter India and the pace of innovation accelerates. This would elevate both R&D and selling and distribution costs, thereby impacting margins. Despite these headwinds, India would continue to remain an attractive market, as volumes across segments are projected to grow at a five-year compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 10 per cent. Suggested Measures India has a very low car penetration about 10 per 1000. This number is expected to become 382 by 2025, this means that there is plenty of room to each automobile giant to grow in Indian market without affecting the volume of other competitors. Few of the following suggested measures may have a bounce back effect on the Indian Automobile Industry; 1. Friendly government policies: Tax benefits for R&D development and Skill related investments, subsidies for hybrid vehicles are the measures if taken can boost the Indian automobile sector. Similarly extension of 200 % weighted deduction of R & D expense under income tax law andweighted deduction of 150 % for expenditure in skill development by industries seem to be positive steps towards the cause. 2. Healthy Industrial Relations through better contract worker policies: As in most of the developed countries thecontract workers are covered under the social security provisions and are paid at par with the permanent workers. Such transparent policies may definitely promote positive industrial relations and foster industrial growth. 3. Technology up gradation measures-Automobile industry is slowing down, but at the same time we are seeing long waiting periods for new launches, which means people are no longer going for same old trusty brands and models and want more value for their money. Which gives me hopes that if Auto makers focus on launching more new models and more global launches they will surely find customers. 4. Promoting Hybrid vehicles or better fuel efficiency—To counter the problems of high fuel prices, it’s the need of the hour to develop higher fuel efficient products and also the products running on alternative fuel to decrease the ownership cost. For this concession on import duty on specified parts of hybrid vehicles are necessary. Stringent laws and strict exercise to eliminate spurious auto-spare part business. 5. Ensuring easy loan availability–The industry should also approach the banks and NBFCs for better and easier loan availability to the car buyers. 100% finance and lower EMI with longer loan tenure will definitely help.

Mental state

1. Why is a defendant’s mental state at the time of the offense (MSO) important from a legal standpoint?From a legal standpoint, the relevance of the mental state of the defendant is important because it determines whether or not the act was done with any capability, aptitude, or ability.   These factors are relevant because they determine if the defendant acted with consciousness in the commission of the offense.   The commission of an offense without any knowledge of the gravity of the situation or under a state of insanity is an exempting circumstance that exonerates the defendant from any criminal liability.The mental state is also important during the custodial investigation wherein the defendant is read his Miranda Rights.   This is particularly important because the law provides that the accused has the right to know of the nature of the charges against him and the possible consequences of any answer which he may give during such questioning.   A mentally incapa ble or incompetent person will be unable to comprehend these matters and therefore it is important to determine his capacity.Another perspective is that the mental state of the defendant also determines his competency to stand trial (CST), Competency to refuse an insanity defense, Competency to confess, Competency to waive rights to silence, Competency to dismiss counsel, Competency to serve a sentence, and Competency to be executed.   Under the Constitutional requirement of due process, the defendant has a right to know the charges against him and also to cross examine any witnesses that will be presented as well as the right to defend himself in court.   Without a determination of the competency of the defendant, such rights of the defendant may be violated which is against the Constitutional guarantee of due process.2. What is the role of a forensic psychologist in such cases?The role of a forensic psychologist in such cases is to determine the mental competency of the defend ant.   The in-depth knowledge of human cognitive and emotional functioning that the forensic psychologist possesses enables him to arrive at a conclusion on whether or not the defendant is competent to stand trial.   The forensic psychologist can also conduct and insanity examination to determine whether or not the act was done with criminal intent (mens rea) by the defendant.The different forensic assessment instruments that the forensic psychologist utilizes in order to determine the competency of the defendant are the following, Competency Screening Test (CST), Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI), Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI) and the MacArthur Structured Assessment of the Competencies of Criminal Defendants (MacSAC-CD).3. What mistakes might a forensic psychologist make when conducting this type of evaluation?The most common error that a forensic psychologist might make during these types of evaluations involves the area of predicting the human behavior of the defendant.   While the different tests and evaluations that the forensic psychologists use may be relatively accurate in determining the competency of the defendant to stand trial and at the commission of the offense, the difficulty lies in determining how long the incompetency will last and whether or not the defendant is liable to commit future crimes in case the defendant is released or exonerated.At the present there is no way of determining whether or not the defendant may commit future crimes.   It must also be remembered that the forensic psychologist conducting the examination must also be well versed with the pertinent provisions of law applicable to the case.References:Adler, J. R. (Ed.). (2004). Forensic Psychology: Concepts, debates and practice. Cullompton: Willan.Ribner, N.G.(2002). California School of Professional Psychology Handbook of Juvenile Forensic Psychology. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-7879-5948-0

Information of Financial Essay Example

Information of Financial Essay Example Information of Financial Essay Information of Financial Essay What financial information should be routinely provided to board members? Generally, financial information that is provided to board members only has two uses, to evaluate the financial condition of the organization and to assess the operational efficiency of the organization. It is usually not necessary to provide detailed financial information to the board. However, if there are significant deviations in the quality of care and the plans of the organization are not being met, more detailed financial information may be needed in order to take corrective action. With that, An effective hospital board has been shown to be related to high hospital financial performance (Culica Prezio, 2009). The board must be able to understand a sound financial strategic plan that includes profitability, liquidity, creditworthiness, capital structure, and asset activity. It is recommended that these indicators be reviewed monthly with a predetermined plan in place to take appropriate action in the event of negative variances (Culica Prezio, 2009). The board has some responsibility in assuring financial health for the hospital/healthcare organization, along with operational planning, budgeting, monitoring, and reporting progress. Do you think its important for board members in healthcare organizations to have basic accounting or financial background? Why or why not? I do feel that it is important for board members in healthcare organizations to have basic accounting or financial knowledge. Accounting and financial information is a vital component in the decision-making process. An adequate understanding of the accounting process and the data generated by it are thus critical to successful decision-making (Cleverley, Song, Cleverley, 2011). Poor decisions can be made if important financial information is ignored. With the growing number of governing boards, it is important that the governing board knows the difference between financial reports and financial statements of businesses and those of healthcare facilities. Since cost and payment pressures require careful attention, decision makers (governing boards) must be knowledgeable in regards to financial and accounting basics. REFERENCES Cleverley, W. O. , Song, P. H. , Cleverley, J. O. (2011). Essentials of Health Care Finance. (7th ed). Sudbury: Jones Bartlett Learning. Culica, D. Prezio, E. (2009). Hospital Board Infrastructure and Functions: The Role of governance in Financial Performance. Retrieved November 22, from ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672389

Audience Analysis Essay Example

Audience Analysis Essay Example Audience Analysis Essay Audience Analysis Essay Running Head: AUDIENCE ANALYSIS Audience Analysis COMM 285 University of Phoenix 7 August 2010 Audience analysis is the first step in any communication process: it gives you the tools you need to shape your product and your message. In order to communicate effectively with your audience, you need to understand who they are, what groups they belong to, and what values they hold.(Locker, Kienzler, 2008) The vice president of Ann Taylor Clothing Stores had a successful approach to dealing with and learning her target audience. She researched her target audience and then divided them into groups and developed a fashion line for each target. Creating information in this manner is not unheard of in the office environment. If a company followed Ms. Krillâ„ ¢s pattern they would see an increase in production and effectiveness, because the workers would have intimate knowledge of the targets. There are many decisions to take into affect when developing information for a target audience. Throughout the remainder of this paper we will discuss audience levels, individual analysis versu s group analysis, and channels of communication. These basic items will assist any individual or company with developing quality information that will be retained by the employees while yielding maximum effectiveness. AUDIENCE LEVELS The first step in audience analysis is to know or discover who your audience is. As explained in chapter two of Business and Administrative Communications, most organizations have multiple levels, so it is only right that there be varied levels of organizational messages. The first level of organizational messages is the gatekeeper. A gatekeeper has the power to stop your message instead of sending it on to other audiences. A gatekeeper is typically a supervisor or section director/head. The next level is the primary audience. The primary audience will decide whether to accept your recommendations or will act on the basis of your message. You must reach the primary audience to fulfill your purposes in any message. (Locker, Kienzler, 2008) The primary audience is normally a board or committee brought together for a specific project. The next audience level is the secondary audience will either comment or make plans based of the information received. Secondary audiences can be legal te ams, inspection teams, or sales representatives. The last two audience levels are the auxiliary audience and the watchdog audience. The auxiliary audience may read and review the message but have nothing to do with the information. An example of an auxiliary audience member would be a person from the logistics department reading a report from the training and development department. The last audience, the watchdog audience, has a political or social responsibility and monitors company business for integrity and trustworthiness. Once you decided the different audience levels one has to determine how they will address them, as individuals or as a group. Each will have a different set of challenges which will be discussed below. INDIVIUAL ANALYSIS vs. GROUP ANALYSIS As a speaker it is important to have background information on the people you will be addressing. Each individual being addressed will receive the information differently; it is impossible to please all listeners when presenting. Knowing a person age and skill level will often give a person a foundation to begin planning what format will be suit the listener. Also knowing a personal job requirement can be an asset when developing information. Though all parts of the information we are sharing is important and may play into one another, each member or section may only need a portion of the entire product to move to the next step. In our age of information technology supervisors have their preferred method of receiving information. Some may choose to receive information on spreadsheets and other my want power point slides. Knowing the main receiver will ensure information is set up to maximize their understanding. When dealing with a group demographics play a major role in disseminatio n of information. Knowing pay information is irrelevant when giving a briefing, but know the companyâ„ ¢s target demographics will be a huge help. Another aspect to take into consideration is dominant figures of a group. Not all members of a group have the same input or knowledge on all the information being discussed. All members should be aware of the all situation, but reality is that most are not set up to be that functional. COMMUNICATION CHANNELS A communication channel is the means by which you convey your message. Communication channels vary in speed, accuracy of transmission, cost, number of messages carried, number of people reached, efficiency, and ability to promote goodwill. (Locker, Kienzler, 2008) There are many types of communication channels that are used to disseminate information in a group setting. The most often used in an informal meeting, this type of setting is more relaxed. Minutes are not taken and attendance is not normally required. Informal meetings are rarely publicized and are mainly known by those attending. Informal meetings can be held by teleconference or by small group. There is normally one person guiding the meeting along but participants are allowed to comment at any point without introduction or permission. Informal meetings may also be held away from the office setting. Many decisions are made over lunch, breakfast, coffee, or tea. Formal meetings on the other hand, are preplanned and the to pics are normally predetermined. Formal meetings also have objectives that the mediator would like to achieve prior to the end of the meeting. Official correspondence is sent out well in advance to remind and request attendance to a formal meeting. This type of meeting are held by senior company executives and attended by department supervisors or directors. The ultimate goal of communication is to pass information from one medium to another. In business this theory has been narrowed from one individual, department, or company to another. The items mentioned above are not the total answer to effective communication but will lay a solid foundation for business communication. In summary, it is important to understand what audience levels will be attending a company meeting; of the five discussed our target will be within one of them. Once the audience levels have been determined the next step is to determine the individuals of meeting or the group as a whole. Group meeting in more general and will take less time. Having a basic understanding of each individual, if feasible, will better assist with information dissemination and product development. Lastly, having a good channel of communication is key to passing along a clear, simple to follow, accurate message. REFERENCES Locker, K, Kienzler, D. (2008). Business and administrative communication. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin

Book Analysis The Male Brain

The Male Brain Similarly to Loan Breezinesss The Female Brain, Lethe Male Brain takes us through the changes throughout the lifetime of a male brain. It breaks down each stage of a males life and takes a look at the happenings of their brains from boyhood, through their teen years, into relationships and children, finally ending with the mature male brain. The Male Brain explains many of the biological reasons, along with the learned reasons behind many of the common traits and behaviors found in males.The focus of this analysis will be on how male brains differ from females, and whether that gives them n advantage or disadvantage in work settings. It will include how the early development of boys brains effects their traits and personalities, how men and women differ when it comes to emotions, and how all of these things contribute to the historical stereotype that men are better leaders than women. As Brazening explained, from a very early age boys are interested in completely different things than girls.Although I dont agree with her idea that boys are programmed to act a certain way, believe that part of their traits belongs to their biological hardwiring and the other are due to their ultra and upbringing. As it says in The Male Brain, at a young age boys are more likely to take risks and break rules. This relates directly with Eagle and Carols Through the Labyrinth when they state women presumably evolved a strong concern with their own personal safety as well as tendencies to be fearful and anxious and to avoid danger and risk. These statements translate very well into the stereotypical man when it comes to his career. While most of the time women are afraid to take risks, as it said in the TED talk Why We Have Too Few Women Leaders, men are willing risk takers which leads to egger paybacks, especially in their careers. Women are also more concerned with how other people f eel and everyone getting along, however beginning when boys are around a year old they begin ignoring their own mothers facial expressions. At this age, the opposite happens in little girls.They read and react to the slightest look of disappointment or anger on their mothers face almost immediately. This could contribute to the fact that when men grow up they are more self-centered and concerned with their own career, while women are worried about how others feel. Referring again to the TED elk View We Have Too Few Women Leaders, they stated that men are more likely to take credit for their own achievements, while women give a lot of credit to those who helped and supported them. This is one of the traits that men have which give them more opportunities to be promoted and join higher ranks in the work force.Another point that Brazening made was that during their younger years, boys are obsessed with and imitate their dads, uncles, or any other male role models that could be considered alpha males. Believe that this obsession with alpha males could lead to the strong drive hat men have to become one, whether it is in the ir home or their workplace. Again, strength and aggression are mentioned a lot. In her book Brazening states, by age two, a boys brain is driving him to establish physical and social dominance. All these traits and behaviors either taught or wired into boys at such a young age, all contribute to their actions and behavior as they grow older and climb the ladders in their careers. The common issue of men accuse women of being too emotional and women accuse men of not being emotional enough is explained very well in the male brain. From personal experience, I have seen relationships not work out just because one person doesnt feel the other is listening, or one doesnt react the way the other was hoping for. After reading this book I realize that all of this due to the fact that men and women process emotions differently.When faced with a problem, a man doesnt respond emotionally, instead his brain looks for a way to solve it. I think Brazening says it best when she states The male brain is a lean, mean, problem-solving machine. Faced with a personal problem, a man will use his analytical brain structures to find a solution. This leads to others getting annoyed by male responses because they feel as if their emotions are not being acknowledged and instead are being given advice and direction that they didnt want to hear. As hurtful as this can be in personal situations, I feel like it could be proven helpful in professional work situations.As it says in Eagle and Carry, women usually respond in a manner that acknowledges others rights and their own rights, giving a more emotional response. Men also react to situations by hiding their emotions. If they are scared or nervous their instincts tell them to mask that ND not show those feelings in their facial expressions. They learn at a young age that acting cool and hiding their fears are the unwritten laws of masculinity. believe that the differences in how men and women react to emotions and how they use their emotions gives men another advantage in the work force.After comparing both The Female Brain and The Male Brain, it has changed my views a little bit about how men are natural leaders. I believe that in our society today men are better suited to handle leadership roles. The use of their aggression and self-preservation is the type of traits that get people far in their careers in our world today. It is more likely that doing whatever it takes is hardwired into a males brain than females. In The Male Brain it says Instinctive male-male competition and hierarchical fighting is driven by both hormones and brain circuits. I interpret this as men having it built into their brains that they need to be the best no matter what. I dont feel like women have the same instincts. Women are more worried about how others feel and their emotions. As it says in Eagle and Carry, Women emerge more often than men as the social facilitators. This means that they trivet to help people get along but dont usually hold much power themselves. I believe that women dont hold as many executive jobs as men because to climb to those roles in todays society require someone who looks out for themselves before others.Another aspect of men fitting the leadership role better is due to the fact that they dont react to emotions as women do. The fact that men try to come up with solutions to problems is ideal for todays work force. The fact that they can pull of an instinctive poker face could also help when it comes to making deals, making tough decisions, ND controlling their emotions. However, I do believe that there are some leadership roles that require more of a womans emotions and consideration.That being said, those leadership roles usually arent what we think of in our society when we think of powerful leaders. All in all, after the comparison of the male and female brain I do believe that males have quite a few biological and cultural traits that give them an advantage over women in the workforce. Its not that I dont believe that women cant be successful, I just believe in order for them to climb the ladder n their careers, especially the corporate one, they need to learn some of the traits that men are born with.Eagle and Carry put it perfectly when they say Changes in the psychology of women and men follow f rom changes in their roles. The early development Of the brains Of boys, the differences in response to emotions between men and women, and the natural leadership qualities that men possess have been giving them an advantage in the work force. However, I feel that as society changes, women will be able to adapt and make more progress and become just as successful in their careers.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

English - Essay Example The major divide that Reid draws is that between the conformist and adventurous outlooks. The curiosity of the cats and the laid-back disposition of the dogs are what serve as the general imagery of the poem through which the poet tries to demonstrate how an adventurous spirit could make a lot of difference while one is alive. The poet executes a cynical tone towards the conventional ideas of people towards the business of living. This serves the purpose of striking the point hard with crude persuasive power. The first couple of lines, â€Å"Curiosity may have killed the cat; more likely/ the cat was just unlucky†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are in fact indicative of the poet’s attempt to question the conventions. Reid explores the many possibilities that would take off from disapproval of a set belief. The moral tales that dissuade young minds from exploring the possibilities of life away from the much-trodden paths would make their lives boring and devoid of any essence, as the poet reveals. Reid compares the lives of the adventurous cats and the incriminating dogs and observes irreverently that the dogs are restricted to â€Å"†¦doggy circles/ where well-smelt baskets, suitable wives, good lunches/ are the order of things, and where prevails/ much wagging of incurious heads and tails†. The cynicis m and sarcasm that define the poem are best revealed here. The imagery of the poem is vivid. It makes use of the metaphorical lives of cats and dogs as the general image, but also explores the small details from everyday life to talk in both descriptive and figurative terms. The most striking image is that of â€Å"the other side of the hill†. Though this can remain an abstract image, the idea of adventure in a cat’s life, thereby our lives too, is best represented through this pictorial reference. The life on the other side of the hill could either be an â€Å"idyll† or â€Å"hell†, but one could find it out for sure only by being there. Whatever be the result of one’s

Service-dominant logic and customer satisfaction Term Paper

Service-dominant logic and customer satisfaction - Term Paper Example On the other hand, creation of value actualization is a vital role taken by the customers, and this may require contacting suppliers through their own individual ways. Nevertheless, numerous dimensions can be applied to approach through which new logic and value; in fact, there are critical issues rose relating to services-dominant (Achrol & Kotler, 2006, 320). Client expectations concerning value and satisfaction are based on three-concept quality with core factors for differentiating them. However, the disparities among these concepts are vague and overlapping (Bebko, 2000, 26). Expectations held by customers regard the quality of services and products encountered, which is similar to the expectations held about the entire firm, which offered the service. Moreover, there are situations that regard the expectations of individual services experienced by customers. This increase chances for them to be specific and concrete; for instance, time consumed while waiting for a receptionist, which is more of to their expectations than the entire quality of the services offered by the company. 1. Analyse and respond to the explicit expectations and implicit expectations of core clients at the start of the project front-end. Client’s expectations refer to the beliefs concerning delivery of services, which considered the standards and reference point for evaluating the performance. Customers are fond of making comparison of their perceptions concerning performance of the firms, which is evaluated through references of the point’s evaluation such as the level of quality, knowledge and their expectations (Gummesson, 2006, 239). In fact, identification of clients’ expectations is vital to the marketers and the entire company due to their critical aspect of seeking to deliver good quality service to them. On the other hand, lack of understanding of the customer services can result to a loss of customer’s business, while the competitors are gaining market share (Porter, 1985, 30). Explicit expectations of the core clients at the start of the project are based on the promises made through personal and non-personal statements concerning the services made by the company to the customer (Graf & Maas, 2008, 20). In this case, personal statements require communication through salespeople, services, or repair personnel. However, this promises become non-personal in situation when they are acquired through advertisements, brochures and other publications (Hubbert, Sehorn & Brown, 1995, 21). Therefore, logic is established through promises made concerning the exact quality of services that will be delivered in a way that manages client expectations. In this case, this guarantees that the promises made will meet the expectation of the client concerning a certain service. There are company representative, who are over-promising due to lack of knowledge regarding the necessary promise that can be made. However, confusion is caused by fail ing to consider that services are customized; thus, this lead to lack of ease in definition and repetition. In other instances, company representatives lack the knowledge concerning the nature of the final form of the service that will be delivered. Explicit services have a substantial influence on customers’ expectations based on the desires of the services and their speculations. In fact, this is due to the way these services alter customer’s desires in general based on their prediction concerning the experience

Letter to a friend about what i learned in this class Assignment

Letter to a friend about what i learned in this class - Assignment Example I came to understand that the Federal Reserve Board and these bakers colluded so as to flood the market through the issuance of easy loans that gave those returns but in the end plunged us and the world into the biggest financial crisis using technology to fuel their sadistic ambitions. This view Uncle, is shared across the board, as in the documentary, Martin Wolf, Chief Commentator of the Financial Times says that, â€Å"I think this was, in fact, in retrospect, a great big national —and not just national, global —Ponzi scheme.† (The Inside Job, Part II) The Ponzi scheme caused the loss of jobs of many Americans and lost the homes of innocent owners who were taken advantage of by these bigwig executives and financial experts who walked away unscathed from this calamity. This is the reason why Americans were never informed of these trends in the economy until the crisis actually happened (Dean, 24). The greed and corruption thrived since there exists no real relation between the state and the people and the free America that we know is nothing but an ideal. In reality, the big corporates do not care for us. The Federal Reserve in conjunction with the big banks like Goldman Sachs among others played a critically destructive role using the internet and online platforms to sign up throngs of ‘lucky’ bankers who never had the potential to repay them (Dean, 23). Although the deregulation did go far, the bank risk analysts also failed to voice their concerns and in essence also contributed to the crisis (The Inside Job, Part I). The use of the internet was extensive as these all-knowing executives invested in internet companies they knew would eventually fail just as the investigation by Eliot Spitzer revealed. Readings form the book helped me to conceptualize the perspective that through technology, just as David Harvey in his

Strategic Leadership - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Leadership - - Case Study Example The working conditions are free and very safe whereby the employees can enjoy doing their work. The company offers equal opportunity for development within the organisation. Another notable aspect of the organisational culture at J&J is that the employees have the autonomy to make contributions towards the decisions that affect their operations. By virtue of allowing the employees to contribute towards decision making, the organisation will benefit in that the employees will have a sense of belonging to it hence will continue serving it faithfully. This culture adds value to the organisation in many ways. Performance of the employees is greatly improved and this allows the organisation to meet its goals and objectives. When employees have a sense of belonging to the organisation, they are committed to their work and this adds value to the organisation as well. When the organisation is in a position to meet the needs of the employees as a result of the optimum performance of the emplo yees, it can be noted that the organisation will have a competitive advantage over the other competitors which greatly adds value to the operations of the organisation as a whole. ... Thus, through creating a sense of belonging to the organisation greatly enhances the maintenance of this culture. 2. Ventrella as the president of the new Hospital Services Group is likely to face problems of resistance to change. Since HSG has been established as an independent company, there were numerous issues to be settled, most of which were related to the companies involved. For instance, decisions had to be made especially about who should own the inventory in the warehouses, what payment and credit terms would be or whether the supply company field sales men would introduce these to the customers. Indeed, there was need to attract competent people to meet this delicate operation. Likewise, one of the most challenging roles of a leader is to guide the organisation through a major change. Organisations operate in a dynamic environment which is constantly changing and for them to remain viable, change is inevitable in order to be able to keep pace with the developments taking p lace in the business environment. In this case, the leader plays a pivotal role in ensuring the success of the organisation undergoing a change process and this is a major problem likely to be faced by Ventrella given that the employees will resist the change idea during the preliminary stages. In most cases, change initiative is not readily accepted by the employees hence the need for Ventrella to carefully entice them to buy the idea. The workers form the backbone of an organisation and this is the reason why the leaders have to effectively influence them to share the same vision for the organisation. In some instances, workers are sceptical about change for fear of losing their jobs or being rendered powerless by the initiative as is the case since Ventrella seeks to centralise

Comparative Essay between Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmuss The Term Paper

Comparative Essay between Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmuss The Education of a Christian Prince - Term Paper Example During his duties at work, he travelled on missions to various governments France, Germany and Italy. As a result, he acquired a lot of knowledge on government affairs and various state procedures. He also witnessed the callous diplomacies that politician Cesare Borgia used as a tool to seize and control cities. He was against the unprincipled and immoral policies enacted by the rulers in order to ensure control and expand the safety and well-being of his sphere. Consequently, this made him face a lot of opposition from those in power and was tortured, jailed and banished for a whole year. This motivated him to write The Prince. On the other hand, The Education of A Christian Prince was written in 1532.This reminiscence book was meant for Princes and particularly It was a dedication to Prince Charles who later became the Emperor of Habsburg. Erasmus emphasized that teachers should possess unimpeachable morals. He was against enforcement of corporal punishment to the unruly naughty st udents. Through his works he attempted to merge the critics of antiquity with those of the Christian principles during his time. This essay compares and contrasts Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmus’s The Education of a Christian Prince.... He emphasized that the ruler must be devoted to administration of justice and doing what is right at all times. He was against loss of human life and violence that was as a result of differences between Catholics and the Protestants during the Religious Reformation era. Machiavelli uses Classical Rhetoric styles in his writing which creates a big gap from traditional rhetoric styles. For example, In his introduction which stated that â€Å"I have not embellished or crammed this book with rounded periods or big, impressive words ,or with any blandishment or superfluous decoration of the kind which many are in the habit of using to describe or adorn what they have produced†(Machiavelli 37).He also sourced his information from Cicero’s rhetoric works.In Chapter 18, for instance, His use of a metaphor of a lion and a fox as examples of cunning and force (Machiavelli 56).. It offers a model of an ethical system that not only condones the practice of force and deception but a ppears to regard them as habitual and indeed germane to political activity(Machiavelli 62). Machiavelli was greatly influenced by the classical pre-Christian philosophers. He often referred to Xenophon who was a writer of the classic mirrors of princes, The Education of Cyrus. The experience at work in The Free Republic of Florence, which has created a firm base where his arguments are founded. He recapitulates his transactions with the soldiers and statements during his reign. This supplied sources of characters and the diverse experiences illustrated in The Prince. The missions he went in the line of duty helped in putting across some of the principles in his book. A good example is his very first mission in 1499 to Catherine Sforza, â€Å"my lady of

Letter to a friend about what i learned in this class Assignment

Letter to a friend about what i learned in this class - Assignment Example I came to understand that the Federal Reserve Board and these bakers colluded so as to flood the market through the issuance of easy loans that gave those returns but in the end plunged us and the world into the biggest financial crisis using technology to fuel their sadistic ambitions. This view Uncle, is shared across the board, as in the documentary, Martin Wolf, Chief Commentator of the Financial Times says that, â€Å"I think this was, in fact, in retrospect, a great big national —and not just national, global —Ponzi scheme.† (The Inside Job, Part II) The Ponzi scheme caused the loss of jobs of many Americans and lost the homes of innocent owners who were taken advantage of by these bigwig executives and financial experts who walked away unscathed from this calamity. This is the reason why Americans were never informed of these trends in the economy until the crisis actually happened (Dean, 24). The greed and corruption thrived since there exists no real relation between the state and the people and the free America that we know is nothing but an ideal. In reality, the big corporates do not care for us. The Federal Reserve in conjunction with the big banks like Goldman Sachs among others played a critically destructive role using the internet and online platforms to sign up throngs of ‘lucky’ bankers who never had the potential to repay them (Dean, 23). Although the deregulation did go far, the bank risk analysts also failed to voice their concerns and in essence also contributed to the crisis (The Inside Job, Part I). The use of the internet was extensive as these all-knowing executives invested in internet companies they knew would eventually fail just as the investigation by Eliot Spitzer revealed. Readings form the book helped me to conceptualize the perspective that through technology, just as David Harvey in his

Comparative Essay between Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmuss The Term Paper

Comparative Essay between Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmuss The Education of a Christian Prince - Term Paper Example During his duties at work, he travelled on missions to various governments France, Germany and Italy. As a result, he acquired a lot of knowledge on government affairs and various state procedures. He also witnessed the callous diplomacies that politician Cesare Borgia used as a tool to seize and control cities. He was against the unprincipled and immoral policies enacted by the rulers in order to ensure control and expand the safety and well-being of his sphere. Consequently, this made him face a lot of opposition from those in power and was tortured, jailed and banished for a whole year. This motivated him to write The Prince. On the other hand, The Education of A Christian Prince was written in 1532.This reminiscence book was meant for Princes and particularly It was a dedication to Prince Charles who later became the Emperor of Habsburg. Erasmus emphasized that teachers should possess unimpeachable morals. He was against enforcement of corporal punishment to the unruly naughty st udents. Through his works he attempted to merge the critics of antiquity with those of the Christian principles during his time. This essay compares and contrasts Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmus’s The Education of a Christian Prince.... He emphasized that the ruler must be devoted to administration of justice and doing what is right at all times. He was against loss of human life and violence that was as a result of differences between Catholics and the Protestants during the Religious Reformation era. Machiavelli uses Classical Rhetoric styles in his writing which creates a big gap from traditional rhetoric styles. For example, In his introduction which stated that â€Å"I have not embellished or crammed this book with rounded periods or big, impressive words ,or with any blandishment or superfluous decoration of the kind which many are in the habit of using to describe or adorn what they have produced†(Machiavelli 37).He also sourced his information from Cicero’s rhetoric works.In Chapter 18, for instance, His use of a metaphor of a lion and a fox as examples of cunning and force (Machiavelli 56).. It offers a model of an ethical system that not only condones the practice of force and deception but a ppears to regard them as habitual and indeed germane to political activity(Machiavelli 62). Machiavelli was greatly influenced by the classical pre-Christian philosophers. He often referred to Xenophon who was a writer of the classic mirrors of princes, The Education of Cyrus. The experience at work in The Free Republic of Florence, which has created a firm base where his arguments are founded. He recapitulates his transactions with the soldiers and statements during his reign. This supplied sources of characters and the diverse experiences illustrated in The Prince. The missions he went in the line of duty helped in putting across some of the principles in his book. A good example is his very first mission in 1499 to Catherine Sforza, â€Å"my lady of

Medicinal Marijuana use in the United States Essay Example for Free

Medicinal Marijuana use in the United States Essay Although many individuals find medical marijuana illegal, and unnecessary, it is a natural herb used to help symptoms caused by chronic illnesses. Over three million Americans use medical marijuana. Medical marijuana is the most widely used drug used to treat chronic illnesses in seventeen states. The use of medical marijuana has been a controversial issue here in the United States. Although, there are healthcare professionals that do believe that the use of medical marijuana can be very beneficial for patients. Just as there are benefits associated with the use of medical marijuana there are also negative effects. Many American are still unfamiliar with Medical Marijuana, so what is medical marijuana? Medical marijuana also known as â€Å"cannabis sativa†(Harold E Dowieko 2009) is a naturally growing plant that produces tetra-hydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.(Harold E Dowieko 2009) These chemicals are both thought to have possible effects on lessening the bad side effects from chronic diseases. Medical marijuana has been used for health reasons for centuries. Marijuana was a legal herb in the United States until 1937 when the United States passed a law making it illegal to sell. (Kring, Davinson, Naele Johnson 2007) Marijuana was then made legal for medicinal use in 1995. The state of California was the first state in the United States to make marijuana legal for medical purposes. Medicinal marijuana is now legal in seventeen states. These states include; â€Å"Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Washington D.C., Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington state.† (â€Å"Thc.me History†, n.d.) In all of these state a patient can obtain a medical marijuana license, also referred to as a â€Å"green card,† from a licensed physician. Patients must have documentation stating what chronic illnesses they have that may require the need for medicinal marijuana. The physician will then decide if the use of marijuana will be beneficial. Medical marijuana has been proven to benefit patients who have multiple illnesses. The most common uses for medical marijuana are; pain relief, loss of appetite, depression, and diseases such as AIDS and cancer. TCH has been proven to block pain receptors in the brain. The blockage of these pain receptors allows patients dealing with chronic pain to have some relief. Medicinal marijuana also stimulates appetite, and relieves symptoms associated with depression, AIDS and cancer. This enables patients to not have to rely on the use of prescription pain pills such opiods. Meidcal marijuana is also less addictive, and has less physical side effects than other prescription pain relievers. Just as there are positive benefits associated with medical marijuana there are some health risks. First, marijuana is not regulated by the FDA. The FDA is the food and drug administration. They regulate medication and ensure the safety and risk associated with drugs. Without the FDA regulating medical marijuana there is no way for patients to know if they are getting correct information pertaining to the exact marijuana they are smoking, and if there may be additives or chemicals on the marijuana. This can be risky for patients, because marijuana comes in much different strength. The FDA has also found that dosing of medical marijuana is hard due to the effects taking around thirty minutes for patients to feel. The main health risk that medical marijuana has is psychological effects. According to Kring, Davinson, Naele, and Johnson â€Å" rapid shifts of emotion, to dull attention, to fragment thoughts, impair of memory, and sense that time is moving more slowly.† (Chapter 10) Kring, Davinson, Naele, and Johnson also stated â€Å"extremely heavy dosing has been found to induce hallucinations and other effects similar to those of LSD.† (Chapter 10)Another risk associated with medicinal cannabis is the harmful effect done to lungs. There have been many studies done that look at the respiratory risk associated with regular marijuana use. In one study done with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey it concluded that the risk of respiratory illness does rise. Marijuana damages lungs just as smoke cigarettes. The last major health risk associated with medical marijuana is a lowered immune system. This can be very dangerous for patients that are dealing with cancer and AIDS. Since these patients already have very low immune systems because of their disease. Doctors prescribing medicinal marijuana must ensure that the benefits of marijuana use out ways the risks. Although a controversial issue in the United States medical marijuana does have many potential health benefits for patients with chronic illnesses. Statistics now show that eight out of ten Americans support the use of medicinal marijuana. This is because previously I have stated through studies done; the benefits of medical marijuana outweigh the risks associated with medical marijuana use. With already seventeen states in the United States allowing the legalization of medical marijuana. It is fair to say medical marijuana can be very helpful for patients who need it. Currently there are more states in the process of trying to legalize medical marijuana. Some say eventually marijuana as a whole will be a legal substance in the United States. In years to come as Americans we will see how medical marijuana plays a role in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. References Moore, B., Auguston, E., Moser, r. (2012, October). Respiratory Effects of Marijuana and Tobacco Use in a U.S. Sample Bostwick, M. (2012, February Day). Blurred Boundaries: The Therapeutics and Politics of Medical Marijuana. , p. . dowieko, h. E. (2009). Concepts of medical dependency (7th ed.). : cengage learning. Kring, A. M., Davinson, G. G., Naele, J. M., Johnson. S. L. (2007). Abnormal Psychology [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. : John Wiley and Sons INC.. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, website. THC.me History. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thc.me

Management Information Systems (MIS) in Schools

Management Information Systems (MIS) in Schools INTRODUCTION These days, which we describe information era as various technologic developments have been practiced; the leading risk that an organization could obtain is to hang about tactless to change. A lot of important factors such as constant developments in information technologies, information exchange, and increasing and increasing the expectation of the society to a great extent, recent administration perceptions and applications cause organizations none over the world to develop new applications during order to remain. Because of their priority in modern societies, Information Technologies have reached an state of high main concern in learning, too. Recently, contributions of information technology to education have been among the mostly emphasized subjects. Every country aims to make available their citizens with the most existing education in the line of their monetary competence. In support of this reason, immense investment plans about the use of information systems encompass been put into action all around the world. Inside our country, too, in order to prop up Primary Education Program, 600 million $ of loan in total was taken out within World Bank on June 25, 1998 and July 26, 2004. In the first section of the line up, on least two primary schools in each of the 921 countries of Turkey were prepared in conditions of in order technologies and then activated. In commission training courses in relation to the use of computer in main education which was given to 2.250 coordinators of information technology section and 35.000 teachers were financed. In the following section of the plan ending on February 28, 2006, it is projected that information technology software are circulated to the 3.000 primary education schools just about Turkey and education doorway is established. As a result of training 600 computer teachers, in-service teaching is designed for all the primary school inspectors functioning on the pasture, and for at least 106.381 educators shaped of managers and teachers of main schools which have or will have information technology classes, on use of information technologies in learning and use of educational software, which will be ready in line with recent instruction programs School Management Information Systems Being at the commencement stage of the School Management Information Systems, mechanization of the school management is the necessary subject of todays school management. Principals have ongoing to make use of information systems in the gradually-increasing each day management staffs. Frequently speaking, the reasons to use information systems can be declared as increasing helpfulness at work by handing out information, rising managerial effectiveness by meeting the need for information and obtain supremacy in competitions by directing strategies. School management in sequence systems aim to offer maintain for the managing and educational behavior of the school managers by hand out information. Telem (1999) define the management information in his words as â€Å"an executive information system planned to match the structure, management task, instructional process and particular needs of the school†. According to board definition which defines, hand-outs of the information systems to schools can be defined as making programs more successful, making the teaching process and the changes in learning environment professional, enable teachers to swap their experiences in a more well thought-out way, working in teams, shaping the needs of the students, supporting the school managers and other staff in doing their duty, developing their performances, inefficiency and efficiencies. In other words, school management information systems increase effectiveness and efficiency by saving time and facilitate development of alternative solutions for advanced problems Information systems sustain not only information process but also make the support in innovations. Since being amendable to different changes, these systems are helpful to manage with the load for change. Therefore, school management in sequence systems improve the version of the school to the environment. They enable the school to realize and define internal and external information transfer. In this attitude, school management independently meets the demands and hopes of its inner and outside members; and ensures that school activities are arranged perfectly and on time. Beginning of school management information systems to schools have force major changes in the role as well as work styles of managers. School management information systems have changed school management in the areas of management, choice making, workload, human resource management, communication, responsibility and planning. With intent school management information systems hold up the manager in shaping the aims of the school, making long term plans for possible, distributing resources, and producing educational methods of future, seminal performances of teachers and success of the school. In this trend, school management information systems can also be used as a device to begin and use educational direction of the manager. School managers can make more better and reliable decisions when they get rectify and up-to-date information by school executive information systems (Christopher, 2003). Option making is careful as the heart of educational management and shows the significance. Every day, challenging circumstances that need decision making are based on the complex and unpredicted nature of school surroundings. For this reason, as a problem solver, the educational manager has to collect and examine information constantly. In addition to this, managers have been necessary to make more and quick decisions in short times because of the rising prospect from the educational system (Christopher, 2003). In addition, decision making become faster, more regular and more complicated in schools of in the present day. In order to make decisions under such situation, taking and collecting data that is incessant, up-to-date and that can be accessed promptly and analyzing and using this data is a commitment. Success of school development studies are frequently depends on data based decision making, though school managers are not able to use the data professionally in this side. School management information systems give information and a diversity of reports from the database in order to make decisions in line with the aim of the school and make easy controlling of the tricks to achieve the aim. Information technology helps the manager to access, manage and report the information fastly and with no trouble. While telecommunication nets offer the manager with broad resources of information that can be used in problem solving, written communication has been developed richer by means of word processors and e-mails. increased school principles, supported decisions on the stage of control and planning, improved the power of teaching programs, facilitated student-teacher communication, enlarged the skill between teachers, facilitated methodical and continuous information transfer to parents, and increased communication with more institutions and the central organization. In his study where Gurr (2000) examined possessions of information system on school manager of local school, he strong-minded that information system have generally changed the role of school manager. Managers confirmed that a manager who does not use the information systems is not able to attain his duties suitably anymore. Lastly, Anderson and Dexter (2005) in their studies inattentive that technology leadership of school managers is of more important than the backdrop in the efficient use of technology at schools. On the other pass in literature there are researches that show that school managers had troubles in using school management information systems. For example Viscera and Bloemen (1999) in their study with 195 managers and teachers work in 63 high schools in Holland found out those school management information systems were regularly used in everyday work and managers and teachers did not have enough education on the system. Managers and teachers pointed that while school management information systems had encouraging effects on estimation of efficiency of the school, progress of using sources, superiority of educational programming and in-school communication, it increased their heavy workload and caused stress. The research indicated that this stress is reduced in schools where education is sufficiently given on the system and where innovation is clearly declared as a vision. And moreover it was found that the staff that used the system had top motivation, was devoted to take more education, and adopted the vision of the school more. According to this research where Warren (1998) examined the belongings of information systems on educational decision making, he establish out that school managers have not taken enough education on efficient use of the information technologies. Crouse (1994) found that education improved the prospect to use the information systems. Also Jacops (1992) claimed that there was a relationship between the amount of education the managers took, and the use of information technologies. As a result, it can be stated that school managers had to take over the responsibility of leadership in an unknown area without adequate education. It is cleared as we can see communication and information technologies have progressively more had a role on the behavior of schools. During this era, a lot of things have been spooked and written about the significance of computers. Though there are large number researches on the role and need of information technologies in education, numerous of these are about the educational functions of information systems and just a hardly any of them are about school management. We can say that in other words, although there are countless researches on the position of information systems on class and teaching, only some studies have been done on the use of them in educational management and their effects on the managers. The objective of this learning is to look at the use of information systems in school management and to figured out ideas of managers about managerial information systems. In this aspect, following questions were searched: How are the information technology facilities in primary schools in Edirne? What are the studies done by using managerial information systems in primary schools in Edirne? What are the contributions of managerial information systems and the problems in primary schools in Edirne? METHOD Research Model: The mock-up of this research, which targets to look at the use of information systems in school management and to figure out ideas of managers regarding managerial information systems, is review model. Population: Population of this research is created of school managers working in 170 primary schools in Edirne. However managers from 98 schools responded to questionnaires. Among the school managers built-in in the research, 26 of them have worked for 1-5 years (26.5%), 25 of them for 6-10 (25.5%), 18 of them for 11-15 (18.4%), 9 of them for 16-20 (9.2%), and 14 of them have worked for 21 and more years (14.3%). 25 of the participants (25.5%) are undergraduate, 69 (25.5%) of them are graduate and just one of them (25.5%) is a post-graduate. in the middle of the school managers included in the research, six of them didnt react to question about occupational experience and three of them didnt respond to question in relation to education level. Data Collection and Analysis: A survey was urbanized as an tool of data collection. In the first part of the survey, there were some items relating to the personal information of the school managers like as vocational experience and study level. Following part tells us about, the stuff were regarding information technology facilities related to the information systems of the school and opinions of the school managers about technological facilities. The items about the number of the computers in the school and number of the computers joined to the Internet were open-ended and later, they were classifying after examining their distributions. Participants were predictable to select among the options offered for the items about the places of the computers and the ones joined to the Internet and also the softwares used. Finally, there were open-ended items related to the places to check with in case of a problem about the program and the ones related to dependability. third part of the survey shows the, there were items correlated to the studies finished with the school managing information systems and items about by whom these studies were done. This stuff was separated into two parts as the preparation of various documents, lists and statistics, and data entry. The fourth part consisted of the contributions of managing information systems to school management and problems occurred. These items were in the form of five point liker scale. Options were declared as; â€Å"Strongly disagree†, â€Å"Disagree†, â€Å"Undecided†, â€Å"Agree† and â€Å"Strongly Agree†. The answers were ordered from â€Å"Strongly Disagree† to â€Å"Strongly Agree† by ranking them from 1 to 5. The fifth part contains experiences of school managers in information systems and effects of managing information systems to the manager. In this part, school managers were asked questions about their experiences in information systems and the effects of managing information systems to their managerial efficiencies and work-related development. Options were ordered as; â€Å"Strongly disagree†, â€Å"Disagree†, â€Å"Undecided†, â€Å"Agree† and â€Å"Strongly Agree†. The answers were ordered from â€Å"Strongly Disagree† to â€Å"Strongly Agree† by giving them grading them 1 to 5. And n this part, to determine the validity of feedback form was used the technique of content-related validity according to the opinions of the experts, At the end of the study, the data were analyzed by evaluate their arithmetic average, standard deviation and frequencies and percentages. FINDINGS: The answer of the study were existing under the titles of information technology services of schools, studies done with the managing information systems in schools, contributions of managing information systems to school management, and the problems faced, information system experiences of school managers and effects of information systems to them. Information System practice of School Managers and Their outcome to the Managers Under this title information system experiences of the school managers and effects of management information systems to the managers were presented. Here are the findings about school managers experiences and frequencies of computer and the Internet use and the education they received about these subjects, which were the indicators of school managers information system experiences: the level of computer use of the %32.7 of the school managers was basic level, %54.1 of them was average and %12.4 of them was advanced. Managers stated that their frequencies of computer use (=3.58) and internet use (=3.22) were at a medium level. %81.6 of the school managers received education about working with computers. On the other hand, %77.6 of them answered the question â€Å"Would you like to receive education about computers?† as â€Å"yes†. Findings about the effects of management information systems to the managerial effectiveness of the school managers were presented in Table 10 and findings about their effects to the managers vocational development were presented in Table 11. DISCUSSION According to the outcome of this study which was regarding the usage of School Management Information Systems in primary schools and which mean to decide the viewpoints of the school managers associated to management information systems, it was experienced that the number of computers was not sufficient and there was only one computer joined to Internet in nearly all of the schools. Besides, in a small number of of these schools, there was a web page of the school. Study which was conducted by the Pelgrum (2001) in 26 countries and by Mentz and Mentz(2003) in the schools of South Africa, it was seen that one of the most common hurdles of the applications of management information systems was the insufficiency of the numbers of the computers. Due to this reason, it can be said that there was an important infrastructure problem of the recognition of school managements information systems in todays schools. As Greg rash stated (2004) the uniformity with technological improvements increased with the practice of technology. For that reason, it is compulsory to provide educators chiefly school managers with sufficient technological chances to make them accept and go with the improvements. The problems encountered demonstrate the necessity that the applications of information system should be done in the scope of a useful program. Besides, there is a vital difference among the schools in terms of having these technologies. This inequity makes us think that there is some inequality connected to the usage of these technologies opportunities not only for the manager and teachers but also for the students. This situation shows that there is a possibility of coming face to face with the problem which is discussed extensively and called â€Å"digital division† not only nationwide but also in the schools in the similar province. In addition, it was seen that there are still some school managers and assistant school managers who dont have a computer in their rooms at the schools in the scope of this study. In the middle of the school managers and assistant school managers who have a computer in their rooms, some of them use a computer without an Internet contact. Besides there are some schools whose teachers do not have the opportunity of making use of the information technologies. This is also is seen that The Ministry of Educations objective (MEB, 2002) which is supplying each staffroom with at least two computers; supplying guidance service, library, school managers with Internet access in order to talk with the central and provincial offices and also for the practice of management has not been achieved yet.